Constitutional Amendments
Explore important changes made to the Constitution over time.
19511st Amendment
Reasonable Restrictions & Land Reform
Added grounds for reasonable restrictions on free speech and shielded land reform laws from certain court challenges.
197642nd Amendment
The "Mini-Constitution" Amendment
Made wide-ranging changes, including adding the words "Socialist" and "Secular" to the Preamble and introducing Fundamental Duties.
197844th Amendment
Restoring Checks After the Emergency
Reversed several changes made by the 42nd Amendment and reinstated safeguards, including making the right to property a legal (not fundamental) right.
199273rd Amendment
Panchayati Raj
Gave constitutional status to rural local self-government institutions (Panchayati Raj).
200286th Amendment
Right to Education
Inserted Article 21A, making free and compulsory education a fundamental right for children in a defined age group.
2016101st Amendment
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
Introduced a unified Goods and Services Tax framework across the country.